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Description of Fama/French 5 Factors
for Developed Markets
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Daily Returns:
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July 1, 1990 – September 30, 2024
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Monthly Returns:
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July 1990 – September, 2024
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Annual Returns:
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1991–2023
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Construction:
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All returns are in U.S. dollars, include dividends and
capital gains, and are not continuously compounded. Market is the return on
a region's value-weight market portfolio minus the U.S. one month T-bill rate.
The Fama/French 5 factors (2x3) are constructed using
the 6 value-weight portfolios formed on size and book-to-market,
the 6 value-weight portfolios formed on size and operating profitability,
and the 6 value-weight portfolios formed on size and investment.
To construct the SMB, HML, RMW, and CMA factors, we sort stocks in a region into two
market cap and three respective book-to-market equity (B/M), operating profitability (OP),
and investment (INV) groups at the end of each June.
Big stocks are those in the top 90% of June market cap for the region,
and small stocks are those in the bottom 10%.
The B/M, OP, and INV breakpoints for a region are the 30th and 70th percentiles of
respective ratios for the big stocks of the region.
SMB (Small Minus Big) is the average return on the nine small stock portfolios minus the average return on the nine big stock portfolios
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SMB(B/M) =
SMB(OP) =
SMB(INV) =
SMB = |
1/3 (Small Value + Small Neutral + Small Growth)
- 1/3 (Big Value + Big Neutral + Big Growth).
1/3 (Small Robust + Small Neutral + Small Weak)
- 1/3 (Big Robust + Big Neutral + Big Weak).
1/3 (Small Conservative + Small Neutral + Small Aggressive)
- 1/3 (Big Conservative + Big Neutral + Big Aggressive).
1/3 ( SMB(B/M) + SMB(OP) + SMB(INV) ).
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HML
(High Minus Low) is the average return on the two value portfolios minus the
average return on the two growth portfolios,
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HML =
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1/2 (Small Value +
Big Value)
- 1/2 (Small Growth + Big Growth). |
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RMW
(Robust Minus Weak) is the average return on the two robust operating profitability portfolios minus
the average return on the two weak operating profitability portfolios,
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RMW =
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1/2 (Small Robust + Big Robust)
- 1/2 (Small Weak + Big Weak). |
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CMA
(Conservative Minus Aggressive) is the average return on the two conservative investment portfolios
minus the average return on the two aggressive investment portfolios,
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CMA =
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1/2 (Small
Conservative + Big Conservative)
- 1/2 (Small Aggressive + Big Aggressive). |
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Stocks:
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Rm–Rf for July of year t to June of t+1 include all stocks
for which we have market equity data for June of t.
SMB, HML, RMW, and CMA for July of year t to June of t+1 include all stocks for which
we have market equity data for December of t-1 and June of t, (positive) book equity data for t-1 (for SMB, HML, and RMW),
non-missing revenues and at least one of the following:
cost of goods sold, selling, general and administrative expenses, or interest expense for t-1 (for SMB and RMW),
and total assets data for t-2 and t-1 (for SMB and CMA). |
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| Country |
Developed |
Developed ex US |
Europe |
Japan |
Asia Pacific ex Japan |
North America |
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| Australia
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| Austria |
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| Belgium
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| Canada |
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| Switzerland |
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| Germany |
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| Denmark |
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| Spain |
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| Finland |
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| France |
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| Great Britain |
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| Greece |
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| Hong Kong |
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| Ireland |
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| Italy |
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| Japan |
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| Netherlands |
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| Norway |
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| New Zealand |
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| Portugal |
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| Sweden |
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| Singapore |
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| United
States |
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